电力部 国家体改委 等


全民所有制电力企业转换经营机制实施办法(试行)
1993年9月25日，电力工业部、国家体改委、国家经贸委

第一条 为贯彻《全民所有制工业企业转换经营机制条例》(以下简称《条例》)，推动电力企业适应社会主义市场经济，提高劳动生产率和经济效益，根据《条例》规定，结合电力行业的特点和实际，制定本办法。
第二条 电力企业转换经营机制的目标是：适应社会主义市场经济的需要，逐步成为依法自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的商品生产和经营单位，成为独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的企业法人。
第三条 本办法所称电力企业系指：电力集团公司(以下简称集团公司)，省、自治区、直辖市电力公司(以下简称省公司，包括集团内省公司和直属省公司)以及其他独立核算并具有法人地位的电力生产、施工、修造等单位。
第四条 电力工业部(以下简称部)要切实转变职能。其主要职责是：负责电力行业的统筹规划 组织协调、信息引导、检查监督和提供服务；负责制定行业政策和部门规章，负责考核、任免按国家规定应由部管理的企业领导人员；会同国家物价部门管理电价。部不直接干预企业的生产经营活动。
第五条 按国家规定，集团公司、省公司负责经营管理其所属发电厂、供电局的国有资产，并确保其保值、增殖。
第六条 集团公司、省公司应按照“统一调度、分级管理、权责一致”的原则，给予所属发供电单位在人、财、物等方面应有的自主权，使其成为电网内部具有活力、相对独立的核算单位。具体办法由集团公司、省公司制定，并报部备案。部对集团公司、省公司向所属基层单位放权的情况进行指导和监督。
第七条 电力工业发展规划实行“统一规划、分级制定”的原则。部负责制定全国的规划，集团公司和省公司分别负责制定所管辖电网的规划，并分别报部综合平衡。
集团内省公司的规划要服从全网规划，报集团公司审核后再报部平衡。
第八条 企业按照国家规定的资产经营形式，依法行使经营权。集团公司分别对国家综合部门实行计划单列，由部归口管理。直属省公司的经营形式由部会同有关企业共同研究确定。经国家有关部门批准，集团公司、省公司可进行税利分流和股份制改组等工作的试点。
第九条 电力建设项目实行业主责任制。集团公司、省公司及其他全面负责建设项目的立项申请、资金筹集，组织建设、并负责还贷和承担风险的企业是该项目的业主。
第十条 大中型电力建设项目初步设计的审查和审批按以下原则执行：
(一)核电厂，单机容量60万千瓦及以上火电机组发电厂和利用外国政府及国际金融机构贷款的进口机组由部审查和审批；小于以上容量的机组和电厂由部委托具备资格的集团公司、省公司审查和审批。
(二)跨网、跨省的500千伏及以上的交直流送变电工程由部审查和审批；其他电压等级的送变电工程实行分级审批的原则，省内工程由省公司审查和审批，电力集团内跨省工程由集团公司审查和审批。
(三)“以大代小”技术改造项目中，单机容量30万千瓦及以下的项目由集团公司或省公司审查和审批；30万千瓦以上的项目由部负责或由部委托具备资格的集团公司、省公司审查和审批。
(四)装机规模50万千瓦及以上水电站、国际、省际交界河流、跨流域引水的水电站，以及利用外资建设的水电站由部审查和审批；除此以外的，由集团公司、省公司等业主审查和审批。
第十一条 施工企业在建设行政主管部门批准的资质等级所允许的范围内，自主选择承包对象，确定承包方式。可以跨行业、跨地区从事生产经营活动。经有关部门批准，可以从事施工以外的生产和经营。
第十二条 施工企业对所承建的国家重点工程应优先安排，同时有权要求在资金和物资供应方面给予保证，并与建设单位签订并严格执行合同。
第十三条 电力企业对外提供设计、加工、维修、咨询、测试、化验、表计修校、建筑安装等劳务、服务项目的取费标准，应遵照国家有关规定，并按公平合理及提供优质服务的市场原则，由电力企业自主确定。法律另有规定的，从其规定。
第十四条 修造企业生产的电力机械产品、备品配件和配套件的价格，均由企业自主确定。法律另有规定的，从其规定。
第十五条 施工企业可在部颁工程造价标准的指导下，根据市场的供求关系和建设单位对工期、质量的具体要求，自主确定工程投标报价。
第十六条 经国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府批准的开发区、保税区、经济特区内的电力企业，可按国家规定，执行当地政府制定的政策。上述地区的供电贴费由电力企业按网络建设的实际需要提出建议，报当地政府批准后实行，并报部备案。
第十七条 在电力短缺的情况下，电力供应仍以计划分配为主。集团公司、省公司要继续坚持“统筹兼顾，保证重点”和“计划用电、节约用电、安全用电”的原则和规定，不断提高供电可靠性，提供优质服务，优先安排好国家重点企业和单位用电。独立省网的年度电量分配计划由省公司编制，跨省电网的年度电量分配计划由集团公司组织省公司编制，报部审核后按计划程序下达。各地区的季、月度电量分配仍按国务院规定，由各省、自治区、直辖市经委负责。部负责跨省电网的网际、省际间的电量平衡，并指导和监督全国计划用电、节约用电、安全用电工作。
集团公司、省公司要确保完成计划发电量任务，超发电量由集团公司、省公司自行销售。自销电量的比例、价格及其核定办法由部商国家有关部门另行制定。
第十八条 在符合国家、电力行业有关技术政策和标准的前提下，电力建设项目的业主在选择发供电设备方面享有自主权，并相应承担选型失当的责任。任何设计和成套设备采购单位不得勉强其接受不满意的选型。成套设备选型和设备制造任务安排中出现的问题由部协调。
第十九条 经批准享有对外承包及外派劳务权的电力企业，可以直接承包国(境)外工程和国(境)内外资工程；可以从事承包工程所需设备、材料的出口业务，派遣有关劳务人员及在国(境)外兴办各类生产性企业。
第二十条 集团公司、省公司及其他电力企业可以根据国家规定进口自用的设备和物资。享有进口经营权的电力企业进口经国家核准的设备和材料，可直接与外商进行技术和商务谈判，签订和履行合同。无进口经营权的电力企业进口设备和材料，应参与同外商的技术和商务谈判，并根据合同参与出国监造、验收、接运设备等项事务。
利用外国政府和国际金融机构贷款的引进项目仍按国家规定进行管理。项目业主有权自行选择并委托有关外贸代理企业从事进口业务。
第二十一条 经国务院批准，享有出国任务审批权的电力集团，其集团公司和集团内省公司的公司级领导人员出国，随出国任务一并审批，不再单独进行政审。其他人员出国，由其所在集团公司、省公司进行政审。
第二十二条 集团公司和省公司应具有投资功能，建设项目需要的贷款由集团公司或省公司自贷自还。经国家批准，集团公司和省公司可发行债券。集团公司、省公司和其他电力企业可利用外资进行电力开发和建设。
第二十三条 电力企业利用留用资金进行技术改造和生产性建设，可自主立项。经有关部门验资认可并办理有关手续后，可自主决定开工。法律和国务院另有规定的，从其规定。
第二十四条 在保证实现国有资产保值、增殖的前提下，电力企业的留用资金可统筹安排，自主支配。
第二十五条 库区维护基金由企业按国家规定自主使用。需要地方政府安排使用的部分，由企业与当地政府有关部门签订包干使用协议。
第二十六条 为保证全国性的电力科研、教育、调度通信自动化系统、基础设施建设等项事业的发展，以及重大事故应急处置，部建立科技、教育等专项经费。具体办法另行制定。
第二十七条 电力企业在保证国有资产保值、增殖的前提下，可以出租本企业的一般固定资产、关键设备和重要建筑物；经部批准，也可以抵押或有偿转让关键设备、成套设备和重要建筑物，其名录由部确定。集团公司、省公司根据国家规定可对2.5万千瓦及以下机组有计划地安排退役和报废，报废机组不得再次使用。其处理结果报部备案并抄报国家经贸委。
第二十八条 电力企业按照面向社会、公开招收、全面考核、择优录用的原则和生产经营的实际需要，自主决定招工的时间、条件、方式和数量。除法律和国务院另有规定外，企业有权拒绝任何部门、单位和个人强行要求安排和招用人员。
部停止下达企业管理人员和专业技术人员的年度增员计划。
第二十九条 电力企业可按照国家有关规定，自行评定各级各类专业技术职务的任职资格，实行评聘分开，并自主决定其待遇。
第三十条 集团公司、省公司的财务、人事等处室负责人，由集团公司、省公司自行任免，报部备案。法律和国务院另有规定的，从其规定。
第三十一条 集团公司和集团内省公司的公司级领导人员的管理按国家有关规定办理。直属省公司的公司级领导人员由部管理，具体管理办法另行制定。
第三十二条 电力企业必须坚持工资总额增长幅度低于本企业经济效益增长幅度、职工实际平均工资增长幅度低于本企业劳动生产率增长幅度的原则。
企业在按国家规定提取的工资总额内有权自主分配；部通过制定行业工资标准、企业领导人收入管理办法和企业民主管理程序，对企业内部分配进行指导、服务和监督。
第三十三条 电力企业继续实行增人不增工资总额，减人不减工资总额的政策。企业职工的工资、津贴、补贴以及其他工资性收入，应当纳入工资总额。
对实行工效挂钩或百元产值工资含量包干的企业，取消工资总额指令性控制，部按核定的工资总额基数、挂钩浮动办法或工资含量系数，对工资总额进行宏观调控。
第三十四条 集团公司、省公司要继续组织发供电企业开展安全文明生产和农村供电“三为”(为农业、为农民、为农村经济)服务工作。停止其他一切升级、检查、评比及达标等活动，法律和国务院另有规定的，从其规定。
第三十五条 电力企业要进一步健全和完善自我约束机制，加强法制建设和廉政建设，加强经济监督和检查。用法律规范企业的行为，确保国有资产的保值、增殖，确保企业的生产经营健康发展。
第三十六条 本办法未列事项，均按《条例》的规定执行。
第三十七条 本办法自发布之日起施行。在此之前由电力行业主管部门颁发的各种行政规章和其他文件，凡与本办法相抵触的，均以本办法为准。
第三十八条 本办法由电力工业部负责解释。



Hong Kong


BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE
　(CHAPTER 19)
　ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
　　
　　ion
　　I　　　　PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
　　hort title
　　nterpretation
　　II　　　 BILLS OF EXCHANGE
　　and Interpretation
　　efinition of bill of exchange
　　nland and foreign bills
　　ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
　　ddress to drawee
　　ertainty required as to payee
　　hat bills are negotiable
　　um payable
　　Bill payable on demand
　　Bill payable at future time
　　Omission of date in bill payable after date
　　Ante-dating and post-dating
　　Computation of time of payment
　　Referee in case of need
　　Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
　　Definition and requisites of acceptance
　　Time for acceptance
　　General and qualified acceptance
　　Inchoate instruments
　　Delivery
　　city and authority of parties
　　Capacity of parties
　　Signature essential to liability
　　Forged or unauthorized signature
　　Procuration signature
　　Person signing as agent or in representative capacity
　　Corporate signatures
　　ideration for bill
　　Value and holder for value
　　Accommodation party
　　Holder in due course
　　Presumption of value and good faith
　　
　　tiation of bill
　　Negotiation of bill
　　Requisites of valid indorsement
　　Conditional indorsement
　　Indorsement in blank and special indorsement
　　Restrictive indorsement
　　Negotiation of overdue or dishonoured bill
　　Negotiation of bill to party already liable thereon
　　Rights and powers of holder
　　ral duties of the holder
　　When presentment for acceptance is necessary
　　Time for presenting bill payable after sight
　　Rules as to presentment for acceptance, and excuses for non-
　　entment
　　Non-acceptance
　　Dishonour by non-acceptance and its consequences
　　Duties as to qualified acceptances
　　Rules as to presentment for payment
　　Excuses for delay or non-presentment for payment
　　Dishonour by non-payment
　　Notice of dishonour and effect of non-notice
　　Rules as to notice of dishonour
　　Excuses for non-notice and delay
　　Noting or protest of bill
　　Duties of holder as regards drawee or acceptor
　　ilities of parties
　　Funds in hands of drawee
　　Liability of acceptor
　　Liability of drawer or indorser
　　Stranger signing bill liable as indorser
　　Measure of damages against parties to dishonoured bill
　　Transferor by delivery and transferee
　　harge of bill
　　Payment in due course
　　Banker paying demand draft whereon indorsement is forged
　　Acceptor the holder at maturity
　　Express waiver
　　Cancellation
　　Alteration of bill
　　ptance and payment for honour
　　Acceptance for honour supra protest
　　Liability of acceptor for honour
　　Presentment to acceptor for honour
　　Payment for honour supra protest Lost instrument
　　Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill
　　Action on lost bill
　　in a set
　　Rules as to bill in set
　　lict of laws
　　Rules where laws conflict
　　
　　III　　　CHEQUES ON A BANKER
　　Definition of cheque
　　Presentment of cheque for payment
　　Revocation of banker's authority Crossed cheques
　　Definition of general and special crossings
　　Crossing by drawer or after issue
　　Crossing a material part of cheque
　　Duties of banker as to crossed cheque
　　Protection to banker and drawer where cheque is crossed
　　Effect of crossing on holder
　　Drafts on bankers payable to order on demand sufficient authority
for
　　ent without proof of indorsement
　　Protection of bankers paying unindorsed or irregularly indorsed
　　ues, etc.
　　Rights of bankers collecting cheques not indorsed by
　　ers
　　Unindorsed cheques as evidence of payment
　　Protection of bankers collecting payment of cheques, etc.
　　Application of provisions of this part to instruments not being
bills
　　xchange
　　Saving
　　IV　　　 PROMISSORY NOTES
　　Definition of promissory note
　　Delivery necessary
　　Joint and several notes
　　Note payable on demand
　　Presentment for payment
　　Liability of maker
　　Application of Part II to notes
　　V　　　　SUPPLEMENTARY
　　Good faith
　　Signature
　　Computation of time
　　When noting equivalent to protest
　　Protest when notary not accessible
　　Crossing of dividend warrant
　　Saving
　　dule. Form of protest, without notary
　　odify the law relating to bills of exchange, cheques and
promissory
　　s.　[4 May 1885]
　PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
　　
　　ed 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　hort title
　　Ordinance may be cited as the Bills of Exchange Ordinance.
　　nded 5 of 1924 s. 6)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 1U. K.]
　　nterpretation
　　his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
　　eptance" means an acceptance completed by delivery or
notification;
　　ion" means action or suit and includes counterclaim and set-off;
　　ker" includes a body of persons,　whether　incorporated　or　
not,　who
　　y on the business of banking;
　　krupt" includes any person whose estate is　vested　in　a　
trustee　or
　　gnee under the law relating to bankruptcy; (Amended 50 of 1911;
62　of
　　Schedule)
　　rer" means the person in possession of a bill or note
　　h is payable to bearer;
　　l" means bill of exchange, and "note"
　　s promissory note;
　　ivery" means transfer of possession, actual or
　　tructive, from one person to another;
　　eral holiday" has the same meaning as in the Holidays Ordinance　
(Cap.
　　; (Added 5 of 1912 s. 8)
　　der" means the payee　or　indorsee　of　a　bill　or　note　who　
is　in
　　ession of it, or the bearer thereof;
　　orsement" means an indorsement completed by delivery;
　　ue" means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form,
to a
　　on who takes it as a holder;
　　son" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not;
　　ue" means valuable consideration.
　　nded 43 of 1912 Schedule)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 2 U. K.]
　PART II BILLS OF EXCHANGE
　　
　　nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　and Interpretation
　　efinition of bill of exchange
　　A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed　
by
　　person to another, signed by　the　person　giving　it,　
requiring　the
　　on to whom it is　addressed　to　pay　on　demand　or　at　a　
fixed　or
　　rminable future time a sum certain in money to, or to the order
of,　a
　　ified person or to bearer.
　　An instrument which does not comply with these　conditions,　or　
which
　　rs any act to be done in addition to the payment of money,　is　
not　a
　　of exchange.
　　An order to pay out of a particular fund is not
　　nditional within the meaning of this section; but an unqualified
order
　　ay, coupled with--
　　an indication of a particular fund out　of　which　the　drawee　
is　to
　　burse himself or a particular account to be debited with　the　
amount;
　　
　　a statement of the transaction　which　gives　rise　to　the　
bill,　is
　　nditional.
　　A bill is not invalid by reason--
　　that it is not dated;
　　that it does not specify the value given or that any　value　has　
been
　　n therefor;
　　that it does not specify the place where it is drawn
　　he place where it is payable.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 3 U. K.]
　　nland and foreign bills
　　An inland bill is a bill which is or on the face of it purports
to be-
　　
　　both drawn and payable within the Colony; or
　　drawn within the Colony, upon some person resident therein.
　　Any other bill is a foreign bill.
　　Unless the contrary appears on the face of the bill,　the　holder　
may
　　t it as an inland bill.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 4 U. K.]
　　ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
　　A bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer;
or　it
　　be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee.
　　Where, in a bill, drawer and drawee are the same person, or where　
the
　　ee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to
contract,
　　holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as　a　
bill　of
　　ange or as a promissory note.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 5 U. K.]
　　ddress to drawee
　　The drawee must be　named　or　otherwise　indicated　in　a　
bill　with
　　onable certainty.
　　A bill may be addressed to two or more drawees,
　　her they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees
in
　　alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a
bill of
　　ange.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 6 U. K.]
　　
　　ertainty required as to payee
　　Where a bill is not payable to bearer, the　payee　must　be　
named　or
　　rwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.
　　A bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it
may be
　　payable in the alternative to one of two or one or　some　of　
several
　　es. A bill may also be made payable to the bolder of an office
for the
　　being.
　　Where the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person, the　bill　
may
　　reated as payable to bearer.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 7 U. K.]
　　hat bills are negotiable
　　Where a bill contains words prohibiting　transfer,　or　
indicating　an
　　ntion that it should not be transferable, it is valid as　between　
the
　　ies thereto, but is not negotiable.
　　A negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer.
　　A bill is payable to bearer which is expressed to be so payable,
or on
　　h the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.
　　A bill is payable to order which is expressed to　be　so　payable,　
or
　　h is expressed to be payable to a　particular　person,　and　
does　not
　　ain words prohibiting transfer or　indicating　an　intention　
that　it
　　ld not be transferable.
　　Where a bill, either originally or by
　　rsement, is expressed to be　payable　to　the　order　of　a　
specified
　　on, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to
him　or
　　order at his option.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 8 U. K.]
　　um payable
　　The sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of　
this
　　nance, although it is required to be paid--
　　with interest;
　　by stated instalments;
　　by stated instalments, with a provision that, upon default in　
payment
　　ny instalment, the whole shall become due;
　　according to an indicated rate of exchange or according to a　rate　
of
　　ange to be ascertained as directed by the bill.
　　Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in　figures,　
and
　　e is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by　the　words　
is
　　amount payable.
　　Where a bill is expressed to be payable with
　　rest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs
from the
　　of the bill, and, if the bill is undated, from the issue thereof.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 9 U. K.]
　　Bill payable on demand
　　A bill is payable on demand--
　　which is expressed to be　payable　on　demand,　or　at　sight,　
or　on
　　entation; or
　　in which no time for payment is expressed.
　　Where a bill is accepted or indorsed when it is overdue, it shall,　
as
　　rds the acceptor who so accepts or any indorser who so indorses
it, be
　　ed a bill payable on demand.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 10 U. K.]
　　
　　Bill payable at future time
　　A bill is payable at a determinable future time within the meaning　
of
　　Ordinance which is expressed to be payable--
　　at a fixed period after date or sight;
　　on or at a fixed period after the　occurrence　of　a　specified　
event
　　h is certain to happen, though the time of happening may be
uncertain.
　　An instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a　
bill,
　　the happening of the event does not cure the defect.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 11 U. K.]
　　Omission of date in bill payable after date
　　e a bill expressed to be payable at　a　fixed　period　after　
date　is
　　ed undated, or where the acceptance of　a　bill　payable　at　a　
fixed
　　od after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true
date
　　ssue or　acceptance,　and　the　bill　shall　be　payable　
accordingly:
　　ided that--
　　where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts　a　wrong　
date;
　　
　　n every case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill
　　equently comes into the hands of a holder　in　due　course,　the　
bill
　　l not be avoided thereby, but shall operate and be payable as　if　
the
　　so inserted had been the true date.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 12 U. K.]
　　Ante-dating and post-dating
　　Where a bill or an acceptance or any indorsement on a bill　is　
dated,
　　date shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to　be　the　
true
　　of the drawing, acceptance, or indorsement, as the case may be.
　　A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is　ante-dated　or　
post-
　　d, or that it bears date on a Sunday or any other general holiday.
　　nded 5 of 1912 s. 8) [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 13 U. K.]
　　Computation of time of payment
　　e a bill is not payable on demand, the day on which it　falls　due　
is
　　rmined as follows--
　　the bill is due and payable in all cases on the last day of　the　
time
　　ayment as fixed by the bill or, if that is a general holiday,　on　
the
　　eeding business day; (Replaced 67 of 1972 s. 2) [cf. 1971 c. 80
s. 3
　　U. K.]
　　where a bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight,　
or
　　r the　happening　of　a　specified　event,　the　time　of　
payment　is
　　rmined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to
run and
　　ncluding the day of payment;
　　where a bill is payable at a fixed
　　od after sight, the time begins to run form the date of the
acceptance
　　he bill is accepted, and from the date of noting　or　protest　if　
the
　　is noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery;
　　the
　　"month" in a bill means calendar month.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 14 U. K.]
　　Referee in case of need
　　drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein　the　name　
of　a
　　on to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to　say,　
in
　　the bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment. Such
person
　　alled the referee in case of need. It is in the option of　the　
holder
　　esort to the referee in case of need or not, as he may think fit.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 15 U. K.]
　　
　　Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
　　drawer of a bill and　any　indorser　may　insert　therein　an　
express
　　ulation--
　　negativing or limiting his own liability to the holder;
　　waiving, as regards himself, some or all of the holder's duties.　
[cf.
　　c. 61 s. 16 U. K.]
　　Definition and requisites of acceptance
　　The acceptance of a bill is the signification by　the　drawee　of　
his
　　nt to the order of the drawer.
　　An acceptance　is　invalid　unless　it　complies　with　the　
following
　　itions, namely--
　　it must be written on the bill and be signed by
　　drawee. The mere signature of the drawee, without additional
words, is
　　icient;
　　it must not express that the drawee will perform his　promise　by　
any
　　r means than the payment of money.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 17 U. K.]
　　Time for acceptance
　　A bill may be accepted--
　　before　it　has　been　signed　by　the　drawer,　or　while　
otherwise
　　mplete;
　　when it is overdue, or after it has been dishonoured by a
　　ious refusal to accept or by non-payment.
　　When a bill payable after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance,　
and
　　drawee subsequently accepts it, the holder,　in　the　absence　
of　any
　　erent agreement, is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the　
date
　　irst presentment of the drawee for acceptance.
　　nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
　　1882 c. 61 s. 18 U. K.]
　　General and qualified acceptance
　　An acceptance is either (a) general; or (b) qualified.
　　A general acceptance assents without qualification to the order
of the
　　er. A qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect　of　
the
　　as drawn.
　　In particular, an acceptance is qualified which is--
　　conditional, that is to say,　which　makes　payment　by　the　
acceptor
　　ndent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated,
　　partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the　
amount
　　which the bill is drawn;
　　local, that is to say, an acceptance　to　pay　only　at　a　
particular
　　ified place; an acceptance to pay at a particular place is　a　
general
　　ptance, unless it expressly states that the bill is to be　paid　
there
　　and not elsewhere;
　　qualified as to time;
　　the acceptance of some one or more of the drawees, but not of all.
　　1882 c. 61 s. 19 U. K.]
　　
　　Inchoate instruments
　　Where a simple signature on a blank paper is delivered by　the　
signer
　　rder that it may be converted into a bill,　it　operates　as　a　
prima
　　e authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount, using
the
　　ature for that of the drawer, or the acceptor, or an indorser;
and, in
　　manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the
person
　　ossession of it has a prima facie authority to fill up the omission
in
　　way he thinks fit. (Amended 31 of 1981 s. 65)
　　In order that any such instrument, when completed, may be　
enforceable
　　nst any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion,　
it
　　be filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance
with
　　authority given. Reasonable time for this purpose　is　a　
question　of
　　: Provided that if any such instrument after completion is　
negotiated
　　holder in due course,　it　shall　be　valid　and　effectual　
for　all
　　oses in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been　filled　
up
　　in a reasonable time and strictly in　accordance　with　the　
authority
　　n.　[cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 20 U. K.]
　　Delivery

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